Medication Addiction

1 medication

1.1 alcohol addiction
1.2 behavioral addictions
1.3 cannabinoid addiction
1.4 nicotine addiction
1.5 opioid addiction
1.6 psychostimulant addiction
1.7 research

medication
alcohol addiction

alcohol, opioids, can induce severe state of physical dependence , produce withdrawal symptoms such delirium tremens. because of this, treatment alcohol addiction involves combined approach dealing dependence , addiction simultaneously.

pharmacological treatments alcohol addiction include drugs naltrexone (opioid antagonist), disulfiram, acamprosate, , topiramate. rather substituting alcohol, these drugs intended affect desire drink, either directly reducing cravings acamprosate , topiramate, or producing unpleasant effects when alcohol consumed, disulfiram. these drugs can effective if treatment maintained, compliance can issue alcoholic patients forget take medication, or discontinue use because of excessive side effects. according cochrane collaboration review, opioid antagonist naltrexone has been shown effective treatment alcoholism, effects lasting 3 twelve months after end of treatment.

behavioral addictions

behavioral addiction treatable condition. treatment options include psychotherapy , psychopharmacotherapy (i.e., medications) or combination of both. cognitive behavioral therapy (cbt) common form of psychotherapy used in treating behavioral addictions; focuses on identifying patterns trigger compulsive behavior , making lifestyle changes promote healthier behaviors. currently, there no medications approved treatment of behavioral addictions in general, medications used treatment of drug addiction may beneficial specific behavioral addictions.

cannabinoid addiction

as of 2010, there no effective pharmacological interventions cannabinoid addiction. 2013 review on cannabinoid addiction noted development of cb1 receptor agonists have reduced interaction β-arrestin 2 signaling might therapeutically useful.

nicotine addiction

another area in drug treatment has been used in treatment of nicotine addiction, involves use of nicotine replacement therapy, nicotinic receptor antagonists, or nicotinic receptor partial agonists. examples of drugs act on nicotinic receptors , have been used treating nicotine addiction include antagonists bupropion , partial agonist varenicline.

opioid addiction

opioids cause physical dependence, , treatment typically addresses both dependence , addiction.

physical dependence treated using replacement drugs such suboxone or subutex (both containing active ingredients buprenorphine) , methadone. although these drugs perpetuate physical dependence, goal of opiate maintenance provide measure of control on both pain , cravings. use of replacement drugs increases patient s ability function , eliminates negative consequences of obtaining controlled substances illicitly. once prescribed dosage stabilized, treatment enters maintenance or tapering phases. in united states, opiate replacement therapy tightly regulated in methadone clinics , under data 2000 legislation. in countries, other opioid derivatives such levomethadyl acetate, dihydrocodeine, dihydroetorphine , heroin used substitute drugs illegal street opiates, different prescriptions being given depending on needs of individual patient. baclofen has led successful reductions of cravings stimulants, alcohol, , opioids, , alleviates alcohol withdrawal syndrome. many patients have stated became indifferent alcohol or indifferent cocaine overnight after starting baclofen therapy.

psychostimulant addiction

as of may 2014, there no effective pharmacotherapy form of psychostimulant addiction. reviews 2015 , 2016 indicated taar1-selective agonists have significant therapeutic potential treatment psychostimulant addictions; however, of february 2016, compounds known function taar1-selective agonists experimental drugs.

research

research indicates vaccines utilize anti-drug monoclonal antibodies can mitigate drug-induced positive reinforcement preventing drug moving across blood–brain barrier; however, current vaccine-based therapies effective in relatively small subset of individuals. of november 2015, vaccine-based therapies being tested in human clinical trials treatment addiction , preventative measure against drug overdoses involving nicotine, cocaine, , methamphetamine.

since addiction involves abnormalities in glutamate , gabaergic neurotransmission, receptors associated these neurotransmitters (e.g., ampa receptors, nmda receptors, , gabab receptors) potential therapeutic targets addictions. n-acetylcysteine, affects metabotropic glutamate receptors , nmda receptors, has shown benefit in preclinical , clinical studies involving addictions cocaine, heroin, , cannabinoids. may useful adjunct therapy addictions amphetamine-type stimulants, more clinical research required.

current medical reviews of research involving lab animals have identified drug class – class histone deacetylase inhibitors – indirectly inhibits function , further increases in expression of accumbal Δfosb inducing g9a expression in nucleus accumbens after prolonged use. these reviews , subsequent preliminary evidence used oral administration or intraperitoneal administration of sodium salt of butyric acid or other class hdac inhibitors extended period indicate these drugs have efficacy in reducing addictive behavior in lab animals have developed addictions ethanol, psychostimulants (i.e., amphetamine , cocaine), nicotine, , opiates; however, of august 2015 no clinical trials involving human addicts , hdac class inhibitors have been conducted test treatment efficacy in humans or identify optimal dosing regimen.

gene therapy option treat addiction.

this done increasing brain level of receptors dopamine (via d2 receptor).

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