Craniometry.2C phrenology and physiognomy Craniometry

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craniometry used in phrenology, purported determine character, personality traits, , criminality on basis of shape of head , of skull. @ turn of 19th century, franz joseph gall (1758–1822) developed cranioscopy (ancient greek kranion: skull, scopos: vision), method determine personality , development of mental , moral faculties on basis of external shape of skull.


cranioscopy later renamed phrenology (phrenos: mind, logos: study) student johann spurzheim (1776–1832), wrote extensively on drs. gall , spurzheim s physiognomical system. physiognomy claimed correlation between physical features (especially facial features) , character traits.


it made famous cesare lombroso (1835–1909), founder of anthropological criminology, claimed able scientifically identify links between nature of crime , personality or physical appearance of offender. originator of concept of born criminal , arguing in favor of biological determinism, lombroso tried recognize criminals measurements of bodies.


he concluded skull , facial features clues genetic criminality, , these features measured craniometers , calipers results developed quantitative research. few of 14 identified traits of criminal included large jaws, forward projection of jaw, low sloping forehead; high cheekbones, flattened or upturned nose; handle-shaped ears; hawk-like noses or fleshy lips; hard shifty eyes; scanty beard or baldness; insensitivity pain; long arms, , on.







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