Families Khoisan languages
1 families
1.1 hadza
1.2 sandawe
1.3 khoe
1.4 tuu
1.5 kx a
families
the branches once considered ramifications of so-called khoisan considered independent families, since has not been demonstrated related according standard comparative method.
see khoe languages speculations on linguistic history of region.
hadza
with 800 speakers in tanzania, hadza no longer seen khoisan language , appears unrelated other language. genetically, hadza people unrelated khoisan peoples of southern africa, , closest relatives may among pygmies of central africa.
sandawe
there indication sandawe (about 40,000 speakers in tanzania) may related khoe family, such congruent pronominal system , swadesh-list matches, not enough establish regular sound correspondences. sandawe not related hadza, despite proximity.
khoe
the khoe family both numerous , diverse family of khoisan languages, 7 living languages , on quarter million speakers. although little kwadi data available, proto-kwadi–khoe reconstructions have been made pronouns , basic vocabulary.
? kwadi–khoe
kwadi (extinct)
khoe
khoekhoe branch appears have been affected kx a–tuu sprachbund.
nama (ethnonyms khoekhoen, nama, damara) (a dialect cluster including ǂaakhoe , haiǁom)
eini (extinct)
south khoekhoe
korana (moribund)
xiri (moribund; dialect cluster)
tshu–khwe (or kalahari) many of these languages have undergone partial click loss.
east tshu–khwe (east kalahari)
shua (a dialect cluster including deti, tsʼixa, ǀxaise, , ganádi)
tsoa (a dialect cluster including cire cire , kua)
west tshu–khwe (west kalahari)
kxoe (a dialect cluster including ǁani , buga)
naro (a dialect cluster, including ǂhaba)
gǁana–gǀwi (a dialect cluster including gǁana , gǀwi)
a haiǁom language listed in khoisan references. century ago haiǁom people spoke ju dialect, close ǃkung, speak divergent dialect of nama. language variously said extinct or have 18,000 speakers, ju or khoe. (their numbers have been included under nama above.) known saa nama, , source of word san.
tuu
the tuu family consists of 2 language clusters, related each other @ distance of khoekhoe , tshukhwe within khoe. typologically similar kx languages (below), have not been demonstrated related them genealogically (the similarities may areal feature).
tuu
taa
ǃxoon (4200 speakers. dialect cluster.)
lower nossob (two dialects, ǀʼauni , ǀhaasi. extinct.)
ǃkwi
nǁng (a dialect cluster. moribund.)
ǀxam (a dialect cluster. extinct.)
ǂungkue (a dialect cluster. extinct.)
ǁxegwi (extinct.)
kx a
the kx family relatively distant relationship formally proposed in 2010.
kx a
ǂ’amkoe (200 speakers, botswana. moribund. dialect cluster of nǃaqriaxe, (eastern) ǂhoan, , sasi)
ǃkung (also ǃxun or ju, formerly northern khoisan) dialect cluster. (~45,000 speakers.) juǀʼhoan best-known dialect.
Comments
Post a Comment