Families Khoisan languages

-



1 families

1.1 hadza
1.2 sandawe
1.3 khoe
1.4 tuu
1.5 kx a





families

the branches once considered ramifications of so-called khoisan considered independent families, since has not been demonstrated related according standard comparative method.


see khoe languages speculations on linguistic history of region.


hadza

with 800 speakers in tanzania, hadza no longer seen khoisan language , appears unrelated other language. genetically, hadza people unrelated khoisan peoples of southern africa, , closest relatives may among pygmies of central africa.


sandawe

there indication sandawe (about 40,000 speakers in tanzania) may related khoe family, such congruent pronominal system , swadesh-list matches, not enough establish regular sound correspondences. sandawe not related hadza, despite proximity.


khoe

the khoe family both numerous , diverse family of khoisan languages, 7 living languages , on quarter million speakers. although little kwadi data available, proto-kwadi–khoe reconstructions have been made pronouns , basic vocabulary.



? kwadi–khoe

kwadi (extinct)
khoe

khoekhoe branch appears have been affected kx a–tuu sprachbund.

nama (ethnonyms khoekhoen, nama, damara) (a dialect cluster including ǂaakhoe , haiǁom)
eini (extinct)
south khoekhoe

korana (moribund)
xiri (moribund; dialect cluster)




tshu–khwe (or kalahari) many of these languages have undergone partial click loss.

east tshu–khwe (east kalahari)

shua (a dialect cluster including deti, tsʼixa, ǀxaise, , ganádi)
tsoa (a dialect cluster including cire cire , kua)


west tshu–khwe (west kalahari)

kxoe (a dialect cluster including ǁani , buga)
naro (a dialect cluster, including ǂhaba)
gǁana–gǀwi (a dialect cluster including gǁana , gǀwi)









a haiǁom language listed in khoisan references. century ago haiǁom people spoke ju dialect, close ǃkung, speak divergent dialect of nama. language variously said extinct or have 18,000 speakers, ju or khoe. (their numbers have been included under nama above.) known saa nama, , source of word san.


tuu

the tuu family consists of 2 language clusters, related each other @ distance of khoekhoe , tshukhwe within khoe. typologically similar kx languages (below), have not been demonstrated related them genealogically (the similarities may areal feature).



tuu

taa

ǃxoon (4200 speakers. dialect cluster.)
lower nossob (two dialects, ǀʼauni , ǀhaasi. extinct.)


ǃkwi

nǁng (a dialect cluster. moribund.)
ǀxam (a dialect cluster. extinct.)
ǂungkue (a dialect cluster. extinct.)
ǁxegwi (extinct.)





kx a

the kx family relatively distant relationship formally proposed in 2010.



kx a

ǂ’amkoe (200 speakers, botswana. moribund. dialect cluster of nǃaqriaxe, (eastern) ǂhoan, , sasi)
ǃkung (also ǃxun or ju, formerly northern khoisan) dialect cluster. (~45,000 speakers.) juǀʼhoan best-known dialect.








Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Life and work Ustad Mansur

-
tulip kashmir (c. 1610) mansur naqqash the year of mansur s birth unknown. name suffixed in miniatures naqqash, can refer artist, painter, or carver, indicating came family in artistic profession. single miniature showing babur meeting sister (folio 8, national museum) attributed mansur otherwise finds no mention in babur s memoirs (baburnama). associated other artists of period including basawan, miskina , nanha. during akbar s reign appears have been involved colourist in plates book of akbar (akbarnama) , name not mentioned abu l-fazl among list of artists. akbar followed principle artwork should include name of artist on margin. british museum s copy of akbarnama (1604) includes folios (35,110a,110b , 112a) name prefixed ustad (=master), indicating rise excellence. early works included parts of portraits , other scenes. earliest works made part of baburnama (1590–95) , of these assistant or colourist. veena-player (c. 1595) , coronation portrait of jahangir (c. 1605, made along
Read more

Examples Wreath product

-
^ j. w. davies , a. o. morris, schur multiplier of generalized symmetric group , j. london math. soc (2), 8, (1974), pp. 615-620 ^ p. graczyk, g. letac , h. massam, hyperoctahedral group, symmetric group representations , moments of real wishart distribution , j. theoret. probab. 18 (2005), no. 1, 1-42. ^ joseph j. rotman, introduction theory of groups, p. 176 (1995) ^ l. kaloujnine, la structure des p-groupes de sylow des groupes symétriques finis , annales scientifiques de l École normale supérieure. troisième série 65, pp. 239–276 (1948)
Read more

Kiev 35 mm cameras Kiev (brand)

-
kiev 4a rangefinder camera kiev 4 jupiter-8m lens , original camera case kiev produced several 35 mm film rangefinder cameras clones of pre-war contax ii , contax iii cameras, , range of 35mm slr cameras. after war had ended, soviet union demanded new sets of contax tools original toolmaker in dresden , ordered fair number of trial cameras made zeiss trademarks , coated lenses these 1946 in postwar east germany. successful, german instructors transferred kiev. missing specialists in few cases recruited in west germany. still available parts went in same direction. in fact, removing front of kiev ii cameras, 1 see metal stamped contax name, pressed out , re-stamped kiev. kiev 15 tee kiev 19 body kiev rangefinders retained same lens mount prewar contax rangefinders , lenses can interchanged. cameras went through few minor modifications become kiev iii , kiev 4. there kiev 5 modernized upper part integrated meter. attractive, though poorly made , unreliable, production terminated. other m
Read more