Costs Pesticide

1 costs

1.1 health effects
1.2 environmental effects
1.3 economics

costs

on cost side of pesticide use there can costs environment, costs human health, costs of development , research of new pesticides.

health effects

a sign warning potential pesticide exposure.

pesticides may cause acute , delayed health effects in people exposed. pesticide exposure can cause variety of adverse health effects, ranging simple irritation of skin , eyes more severe effects such affecting nervous system, mimicking hormones causing reproductive problems, , causing cancer. 2007 systematic review found studies on non-hodgkin lymphoma , leukemia showed positive associations pesticide exposure , concluded cosmetic use of pesticides should decreased. there substantial evidence of associations between organophosphate insecticide exposures , neurobehavioral alterations. limited evidence exists other negative outcomes pesticide exposure including neurological, birth defects, , fetal death.

the american academy of pediatrics recommends limiting exposure of children pesticides , using safer alternatives:

owing inadequate regulation , safety precautions, 99% of pesticide related deaths occur in developing countries account 25% of pesticide usage.

one study found pesticide self-poisoning method of choice in 1 third of suicides worldwide, , recommended, among other things, more restrictions on types of pesticides harmful humans.

a 2014 epidemiological review found associations between autism , exposure pesticides, noted available evidence insufficient conclude relationship causal.

the world health organization , un environment programme estimate each year, 3 million workers in agriculture in developing world experience severe poisoning pesticides, 18,000 of whom die. according 1 study, many 25 million workers in developing countries may suffer mild pesticide poisoning yearly. there several careers aside agriculture may put individuals @ risk of health effects pesticide exposure including pet groomers, groundskeepers, , fumigators.

environmental effects

pesticide use raises number of environmental concerns. on 98% of sprayed insecticides , 95% of herbicides reach destination other target species, including non-target species, air, water , soil. pesticide drift occurs when pesticides suspended in air particles carried wind other areas, potentially contaminating them. pesticides 1 of causes of water pollution, , pesticides persistent organic pollutants , contribute soil contamination.

in addition, pesticide use reduces biodiversity, contributes pollinator decline, destroys habitat (especially birds), , threatens endangered species.

pests can develop resistance pesticide (pesticide resistance), necessitating new pesticide. alternatively greater dose of pesticide can used counteract resistance, although cause worsening of ambient pollution problem.

the stockholm convention on persistent organic pollutants, listed 9 of 12 dangerous , persistent organic chemicals (now obsolete) organochlorine pesticides. since chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides dissolve in fats , not excreted, organisms tend retain them indefinitely. biological magnification process whereby these chlorinated hydrocarbons (pesticides) more concentrated @ each level of food chain. among marine animals, pesticide concentrations higher in carnivorous fishes, , more in fish-eating birds , mammals @ top of ecological pyramid. global distillation process whereby pesticides transported warmer colder regions of earth, in particular poles , mountain tops. pesticides evaporate atmosphere @ relatively high temperature can carried considerable distances (thousands of kilometers) wind area of lower temperature, condense , carried ground in rain or snow.

in order reduce negative impacts, desirable pesticides degradable or @ least deactivated in environment. such loss of activity or toxicity of pesticides due both innate chemical properties of compounds , environmental processes or conditions. example, presence of halogens within chemical structure slows down degradation in aerobic environment. adsorption soil may retard pesticide movement, may reduce bioavailability microbial degraders.

economics

a study on human health , environmental costs due pesticides in united states estimated @ $9.6 billion: offset $40 billion in increased agricultural production:

additional costs include registration process , cost of purchasing pesticides. registration process can take several years complete (there 70 different types of field test) , can cost $50–70 million single pesticide. annually united states spends $10 billion on pesticides.