Participants Chad–Cameroon Petroleum Development and Pipeline Project

-



1 participants

1.1 chad
1.2 cameroon
1.3 world bank





participants
chad

since 1990, president idriss deby has been head of government in chad, presidential elections held every 5 years. chad s economy dependent on agriculture , livestock. heavily relies on foreign assistance , foreign capital, international investment projects. because of chad s landlocked borders, economy struggles lack of resources , instability between rebel groups. country serves host thousands of refugees neighboring sudan , central african republic, many victims of human trafficking. oil exploitation estimated @ potential 1.5 billion barrels, , chinese companies developing oil refinery , pipeline in country.


the tchad oil transportation company (totco) manages pipeline within chad owned country. totco incorporated in tchad, , joint venture between chad , upstream consortium.


cameroon

the republic of cameroon has been ruled president paul biya since november 6, 1982. relatively peaceful , stable nation, cameroon republic multiparty presidential regime. although there presidential elections every 7 years, there no term limits. climate of intense corruption has created unequal distribution of wealth , poor conditions domestic , international investments.


the portion of pipeline owned cameroon managed cameroon oil transportation company (cotco). company incorporated in cameroon, , joint venture between governments of cameroon , chad, , upstream consortium, independent monitoring institution.


world bank

the world bank s support important consortium of oil companies, believed needed support of bank in order project succeed.


while project s private sponsors, upstream consortium, provided 95% ($2.2 billion) of financing pipeline, world bank contributed through debt financing. international finance corporation (ifc) provided loan of $100 million, $85.8 million of went cotco , $14.2 million of went totco, , helped secure additional $300 million in private commercial lending. international bank reconstruction , development (ibrd) provided $92.9 million chad ($39.5 million) , cameroon ($53.4 million) finance joint-venture pipeline companies. last of world bank-provided financing given through european investment bank, provided $46.6 million finance cameroon , chad s equity in cotco , totco.


included in plans project revenue management law developed world bank. separated oil revenues given chad 4 required areas: future generations fund, health, education , other development projects, fund compensate doba region of chad oil extracted , government reserves. revenue management law created petroleum revenue oversight committee, oversees how oil revenues spent, , includes members of both chadian government , civil society.


on september 5, 2008, chad prepaid both ibrd , ida components of world bank loan totaling $65.7 million national coffers swollen more $1 billion year in oil revenues . ended involvement in project. world bank noted that, on years, chad failed comply key requirements of agreement , including devoting substantial portion of oil revenues poverty reduction programs, , concluded not continue support project under these circumstances .








Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Life and work Ustad Mansur

-
tulip kashmir (c. 1610) mansur naqqash the year of mansur s birth unknown. name suffixed in miniatures naqqash, can refer artist, painter, or carver, indicating came family in artistic profession. single miniature showing babur meeting sister (folio 8, national museum) attributed mansur otherwise finds no mention in babur s memoirs (baburnama). associated other artists of period including basawan, miskina , nanha. during akbar s reign appears have been involved colourist in plates book of akbar (akbarnama) , name not mentioned abu l-fazl among list of artists. akbar followed principle artwork should include name of artist on margin. british museum s copy of akbarnama (1604) includes folios (35,110a,110b , 112a) name prefixed ustad (=master), indicating rise excellence. early works included parts of portraits , other scenes. earliest works made part of baburnama (1590–95) , of these assistant or colourist. veena-player (c. 1595) , coronation portrait of jahangir (c. 1605, made along
Read more

Examples Wreath product

-
^ j. w. davies , a. o. morris, schur multiplier of generalized symmetric group , j. london math. soc (2), 8, (1974), pp. 615-620 ^ p. graczyk, g. letac , h. massam, hyperoctahedral group, symmetric group representations , moments of real wishart distribution , j. theoret. probab. 18 (2005), no. 1, 1-42. ^ joseph j. rotman, introduction theory of groups, p. 176 (1995) ^ l. kaloujnine, la structure des p-groupes de sylow des groupes symétriques finis , annales scientifiques de l École normale supérieure. troisième série 65, pp. 239–276 (1948)
Read more

Kiev 35 mm cameras Kiev (brand)

-
kiev 4a rangefinder camera kiev 4 jupiter-8m lens , original camera case kiev produced several 35 mm film rangefinder cameras clones of pre-war contax ii , contax iii cameras, , range of 35mm slr cameras. after war had ended, soviet union demanded new sets of contax tools original toolmaker in dresden , ordered fair number of trial cameras made zeiss trademarks , coated lenses these 1946 in postwar east germany. successful, german instructors transferred kiev. missing specialists in few cases recruited in west germany. still available parts went in same direction. in fact, removing front of kiev ii cameras, 1 see metal stamped contax name, pressed out , re-stamped kiev. kiev 15 tee kiev 19 body kiev rangefinders retained same lens mount prewar contax rangefinders , lenses can interchanged. cameras went through few minor modifications become kiev iii , kiev 4. there kiev 5 modernized upper part integrated meter. attractive, though poorly made , unreliable, production terminated. other m
Read more